ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF WILD MUSHROOM (Ganoderma sp.) IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
Keywords:
Heavy metals, Ganoderma, Mushroom, Antimicrobial activityAbstract
Limited efforts have been made to identify and document medicinal macrofungi flora such as Ganoderma species in Nigeria. This study investigated the heavy metal contents, antimicrobial potentials, and molecular characteristics of Ganoderma species from Lagos State, Nigeria. Samples were digested and analyzed for heavy metal contents using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), while antimicrobial activity was evaluated through the agar well diffusion method. Internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS1 and ITS4) from four isolates were analyzed using GenBank BLAST. Two species were identified as G. enigmaticum and G. mbrekobenum. Five heavy metals; lead (0.27±0.02 – 0.51±0.19 ppm), cadmium (6.20±4.47 - 9.12±1.80), chromium (0.24±0.47 – 0.36±0.12 ppm), nickel (5.96±0.72 – 7.19±1.25 ppm) and manganese (7.62±0.59 – 11.51±0.31 ppm) were quantified. The Ganoderma spps. exhibited inhibitory activities against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at 10 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL 30 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL. The heavy metals were within safe limits established by the World Health Organization, indicating minimal health risks to the general public. The findings suggest that Ganoderma species were safe for consumption and potential sources of novel antimicrobial agents. Hence efforts should be focused on promoting the sustainable utilization of these wild mushrooms.
References
Ali, H. and Khan, E. (2018). Assessment of potentially toxic heavy metals and health risk in water, sediments, and different fish species of River Kabul, Pakistan. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 24 (8): 2101–2118.
Ali, H. and Khan, E. (2019). Bioaccumulation of Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb in the economically important freshwater fish Schizothorax plagiostomus from three rivers of Malakand Division, Pakistan: risk assessment for human health. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 102: 77–83.
Ani, E., Adekunle, A., Ike, C. and Nwafor, L. (2019). Ex-situ characterization of fungi associated with Luffa aegyptiaca in Lagos State. Eurasia Journal of Biosciences 13: 1589-1596.
Babalola, O. O., Ojo, L. O. and Aderemi, M. O. (2005). Lead levels in some biological samples of automechanics in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics 42:401-403.
Barbieri, A., Quagliariello, V., Del Vecchio, V., Falco, M., Luciano, A., Amruthraj, N. J., Nasti, G., Ottaiano, A., Berretta, M., Iaffaioli, R. V. and Arra, C. (2017). Anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of Ganoderma lucidum extract effects on melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer treatment. Nutrients 9(3) :210.
Bucurica, I. A., Dulama, I. D., Radulescu, C., Banica, A. L. and Stanescu, S. G. (2024). Heavy metals and associated risks of wild edible mushrooms consumption: Transfer factor, carcinogenic risk, and health risk index. Journal of Fungi 10(12), 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10120844
Celal, B. (2019). Antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities of Ganoderma lucidum. Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology 7: 5?7. DOI: 10.15406/jbmoa.2019.07.00232
Chandrika, G., Raj, M. B., Uddandarao, P. A. (2019). Mycosensing of soil contaminants by Ganoderma lucidum and Omphalotus subilludens including the insights on growth media requirements. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 20: 1-9.
Darija, C., Željko, K. and Maša, K. H. (2018). Antitumour, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase effect of Ganoderma lucidum terpenoids and polysaccharides: A review. Molecules 23: 1-21.
Ebrahim, S., Danstone, L. B., Selline, O., Nyongesa, P. K. and Lilian, S. (2019). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Kenyan mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences 6(2): 1-6.
Eze, E. I., Agbo, C. U., Chukwudi, U. P. and Umeh, B. U. (2024). Nutritional, phytochemical and therapeutic attributes of edible wild mushrooms as influenced by substrates in humid tropical environment. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research 8(7): 7770-7777.
Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (2000). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants (Fifty-fifth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 901, 2001. [2000, TRS 901-JECFA 55].
Hazrat, A., Ezzat, K. and Ikram I. (2019). Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: Environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry 1-14.
Jibiri, N. N. and Adewuyi, O. O. (2008). Radionuclide contents and physicochemical characterization of solid waste and effluent samples of some selected industries in the city of Lagos, Nigeria. Radioprotection 43 (2): 203 - 212. DOI: 10.1051/radiopro:2007053
Jin, X., Ruiz Beguerie, J., Sze, D. M. and Chan, G. C. (2012). Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment. Cochrane Database Systematic Review 6:1?37.
Kalac, P. and Svoboda, L. (2000). Review of trace element concentrations in edible mushrooms. Food Chemistry 69(3): 7-10. 10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00264-2
Luangharn, T., Karunarathna, S. C., Dutta, A. K., Paloi, S., Promputtha, I., Hyde, K. D., Xu, J. and Mortimer P. E. (2021) Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycota) species from the Greater Mekong Subregion. Journal of Fungi (Basel). 7(10):819. doi: 10.3390/jof7100819.
Nwakanma, N. M. C., Ofodile, L. N., Ikegwu, E. and Bolarinwa, I. S. (2021) Genotoxic effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) Karst and Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Fr.) Kummer using the Allium Test. Renewable Journal 1: 53 -63
Ofodile, L. N. and Bikomo, E. O. (2008). Antibacterial activity of Ganoderma lucidum from Nigeria. Hamdard Medicus 51(1):1-5.
Ofodile, L. N., Nicholas-Okpara, N. V. A., Ani, E., Ikeqwu, E. M., Saanu, A., Ezenwa, P. C. and Osorine, R. T. (2020). Production and nutritional composition of juice powder from oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) Kummer. Functional Foods in Health and Disease 10(11): 482-492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v10i11.751 D
Ofodile, L. N., Ogbe, A. O. and Oladipupo, O. (2011). Effect of the mycelial culture of Ganoderma lucidum on human pathogenic bacteria. International Journal of Biology 3(2):111-114.
Pilotti C. (2005). Stem rots of oil palm caused by Ganoderma boninense: Pathogen biology and epidemiology, 159, 129-137 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-004-4435-3
Oke, M. A., Afolabi, F. J., Oyeleke, O. O., Kilani, T. A., Adeosun, A. R., Olanbiwoninu, A. A. and Adebayo, E. A. (2022) Ganoderma lucidum: Unutilized natural medicine and promising future solution to emerging diseases in Africa. Frontiers in Pharmacology 22(13):952027.
Omer, I. Ibrahim, T., Mahfuz, E. and Hassan, Y. A. (2007). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some wild-grown edible mushrooms, Analytical Letters 40 (6): 2007-2014.
Otto, E. C., Paloi, S., Peterson, S. W., Phosri, C., Roux, J., Salazar, W. A., Sánchez, A., Sarria, G. A., Shin, H. D., Silva, B. D., Silva, G. A., Smith, M. T., Souza-Motta, C. M., Stchigel, A. M., Stoilova-Disheva, M. M., Sulzbacher, M. A., Telleria, M. T., Toapanta, C., Traba, J. M., Valenzuela-Lopez, N., Watling, R., Groenewald, J. Z. (2016). Fungal Planet description Sheets: 400-468. Persoonia. 36:316-458. doi: 10.3767/003158516X692185.
Shaveta, S. and Astha, T. (2018). Collection, identification, molecular characterization, and antioxidant activity of non-gilled mushrooms collected from northwestern Himalayas. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11 (10): 254-259.
Sileshi, G. W., Tibuhwa, D. D. and Mlambo, A. (2023). Underutilized wild edible fungi and their undervalued ecosystem services in Africa. Cabi Agriculture and Bioscience 4,
Sonja, V., Mile, V., Ninoslav, N., Saša, D., Siniša, R., Miomir, N., Lana, F. (2017). Chemical composition, anti-proliferative and antioxidant activity of differently processed Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extracts. Journal of Food Science and Technology 1312– 1320.
Tanvir, Mahtab Uddin, Arka Jyoti Chakraborty, Ameer Khusro, BM Redwan Matin Zidan, Saikat Mitra, Talha Bin Emran,Kuldeep Dhama, Md. Kamal Hossain Ripon, Márió Gajdács, Muhammad Umar Khayam Sahibzada, Md. Jamal Hossain, Niranjan Koirala (2021) Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects, Journal of Infection and Public Health, 14 (12):1750-1766.
Uddin, T. M., Chakraborty, A. J., Khusro, A., Zidan, B. R. M., Mitra, S., Emran, T. B., Dhama, K., Ripon, M. K. H., Gajdács, M., Sahibzada, M. U. K., Hossain, M. J. and Koirala, N. (2021). Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects. Journal of Infection and Public Health 14 (12):1750-1766.
Venturella, G., Ferraro, V., Cirlincione, F. and Gargano, M. L. (2021). Medicinal mushrooms: Bioactive compounds, use, and clinical trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(2):634. doi: 10.3390/ijms22020634.
World Health Organization (1996). World Health Organization technical series.Heavy elements in human nutrition and health. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp.199-205.
Wachtel-Galor, S., Yuen, J., Buswell, J. A., and Benzie, I. F. F. (2021). Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): A medicinal mushroom. In: Benzie, I. F. F. and Wachtel-Galor, S., editors. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2011. Chapter 9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92757/
Xing, J. H., Sun, Y. F., Han, Y. L., Cui, B. K. and Dai, Y. C. (2018). Morphological and molecular identification of two new Ganoderma species on Casuarina equisetifolia from China. MycoKeys, 34: 93–108. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.34.22593
Yang, H., Zhang, M. Y., Song, C. Y., Liu, J. Y., Xu, Z. and Shang, X. D. (2017). Effects of Fe2+, Zn2+ and Ca2+on mycelium growth and its biological enrichment in mycelia of three edible mushrooms. Acta Edulis Fungi. 24:27–33. DOI 10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2017.02.07
Zhang, B., Zhou, J., Li, Q., Gan, B., Peng, W., Zhang, X., Tan, W., Jiang, L. and Li, X. (2019). Manganese affects the growth and metabolism of Ganoderma lucidum based on LC-MS analysis. PeerJ. Microbiology 1;7:e6846. doi: 10.7717/peerj.6846.
