VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF AFRICAN WALNUT (Plukenetia conophora (Müll Arg) AS AFFECTED BY PROPAGATOR, PLANT PARTS AND ROOTING MEDIA
Keywords:
Plukenetia conophora, Mist propagator, Rooting media, Plant parts, Macro propagationAbstract
Plukenetia conophora is a seasonal fruiting liana with recalcitrant seeds that are highly competed for by man and rodents. This reduces seedling production from seeds, hence the need for alternative methods of production such as vegetative propagation. One thousand one hundred and twenty (1120) double node cuttings of P. conophora were set up in a factorial arrangement using a completely randomized design with four rooting media, two propagator chambers and two plant parts, with seven replications. At the end of the 12th week, data collected on rooted cuttings (%), shoot length (cm), number of leaves, number of roots and root length (cm) were subjected to analysis of variance and significant means were separated using Duncan multiple range test at 5% probability level. The results showed that the basal part of cuttings in sterilized river sand, placed inside the mist propagator produced the best result (87%), while the least rooting capacity (20%) was obtained for terminal cuttings rooted in unsterilized topsoil. The use of propagator and type of rooting media had significant effects on the number of roots produced by P. conophora cuttings. Cuttings placed in the propagator chamber had the highest number of leaves (7.31±3.11), while plant part had a significant effect on the shoot length, with terminal cuttings producing the highest shoot length (3.92±5.96 cm). Plukenetia conophora could be propagated vegetatively with due considerations to the parts of plant, media and the rooting environment.
References
Adebisi, M. A., Adekunle, M. F. and Odebiyi, O. A. (2011). Effect of fruit maturity and pre-sowing water treatment on germinative performance of Gmelina arborea. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 23(4):371-378.
Akinyele, A. O. (2010). Effects of growth hormones, rooting media and leaf size on juvenile stem cuttings of Buchholzia coriacea Engler. Annals of Forest Research 53 (2): 127–133.
Alaje, V. I., Nola, M. O., Adeniyi, K. K. and Fadulu, O. O. (2019). Fruits softening in Dacryoides edulis (G. Don) H. J. Lam and their implications on germination and morphological traits. Journal of Forestry Research and Management 16(3): 34-40.
Amadi, J. O. (2014). Silvicultural requirements for conservation of Plukenetia conophora (Mull Arg) in Southwestern Nigeria. A Ph.D. thesis in Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Ibadan, pp. 1.
Amri, E., Lyaruu, H. V. M., Nyomora, A. S. and Kanyeka, Z. L. (2010). Vegetative propagation of African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. and Perr.): effects of age of donor plant, IBA treatment and cutting position on rooting ability of stem cuttings. New Forest 39: 183-194.
Anegbeh, P. O., Tchoundjeu, Z., Simons, A. J. and Roy-Macauley, H. (2006). Domestication of Allanblackia floribunda: vegetative propagation by leafy stem cuttings in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Acta Agronomica Nigeriana 7: 11–16.
Atangana, A. R., Tchoundjeu Z., Asaah, E. K., Simmons, A. J. and Khasa D. P. (2006). Domestication of Allanblackia floribunda: Amenability to vegetative propagation. Forest Ecology and Management 237: 246–251.
Awodoyin, R. O., Egunjobi, J. K. and Ladipo, D. O. (2000). Biology germination and prospect for the domestication of conophor nut (Plukenetia conophora) Mull Arg. Syn Tetracarpidium conophorum. Journal of Tropical Forest Resources 16 (1): 31-38.
Bowes, B. G. (1999). A colour atlas of plant propagation and conservation. Manson Publishing Ltd, London. Pg. 4.
Ercis, S. L., Ömer, A., Ahmet, E. I., and Üstün, S. A. (2002). The effects of IBA, rooting media and cuttings collection time on rooting of Kiwi fruit. Gartenbauwissenschaft 67 (1).
Hartmann, H. T., Kester, D. E., Davies, F. T. and Geneve, R. L. (2002). Plant propagation: Principles and practices. Seventh edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle, River, New Jersey, USA.
Hettasch, M. H., Eatwell, K. A., Fossey, A., Pierce, B. T., Snedden, G. L., Steyn, D. J., Venter, H. M., Verryn, S. D. (2009). Tree breeding course manual. Natural resources and the environment CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa. Pp 320.
Hoad, S. P., and Leakey, R. R. B. (1996). Effects of pre-severance light quality on the vegetative propagation of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. Trees 10: 317–324.
Husen, A. and Pal, M. (2006). Variation in shoot anatomy and rooting behaviour of stem cutting in relation to age of donor plants in teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.). New Forest 31(1): 57–73.
James, S., Owen Jr. and Brian, K. M. (2007). Environmental effects on stem-cutting propagation: A brief review. Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’Society, 57: 58-64.
Kouakou, K. L., Dao, J. P., Kouassi, K. I., Beugré, M. M., Koné, M., Baudoin, J. P., Zoro Bi, I. A. (2016). Propagation of Garcinia kola (Heckel) by stem and root cuttings. Silva Fennica 50: 4.
Leakey, R. R. B., Mesen, J. F. T., Tchoundjeu, Z., Longman, K. A., Dick, J. McP., Newton, A., Matin, A., Grace Munro, R. C. I. and Muthoka, P. N. (1990). Low-technology techniques for the vegetative propagation of tropical trees. Commonwealth Forestry Review 69 (3):247-257.
Leakey, R. R. B. (2004). Physiology of vegetative reproduction. In: Burley, J., Evans, E., Younquist, J.A. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences. Academic Press, London, UK. 1655–1668.
Leakey, R. R. B. (2005). Domestication potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multi-trait selection. Agroforestry Systems 64:51-59.
Leakey, R. R. B. and Akinnifesi, F. K. (2008). Towards a domestication strategy for indigenous fruit trees in the tropics. In: Akinnifesi, F. K., Leakey, R. R. B., Ajayi, O. C., Sileshi, G., Tchoundjeu Z., Matakala, P. and Kwesiga, F. R., (eds.) Indigenous fruit trees in the tropic: domestication, utilization and commercialization. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, pp. 28-49
Leakey, R. R. B. (2014). Plant cloning: Macropropagation. In: Neal Van Alfen, editor-in-chief. Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, Vol. 4, San Diego: Elsevier. pp. 349-359.
Miller, A. J. and Gross, B. L. (2011). From forest to field: perennial fruit crop domestication. American Journal of Botany. 98(9): 1389-1414
Nketiah, T., Newton, A. C., and Leakey, R. R. B. (1998). Vegetative propagation of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum in Ghana. Forest Ecology and Management 105: 99–105.
Olaniyi, A. A., Yakubu, F. B., Nola M. O., Alaje V. I., Odewale, M. A., Fadulu O. O., and Adeniyi, K. K. (2021). Vegetative propagation of Picralima nitida (Stapf.) by leafy stem cuttings: Influence of cutting length, hormone concentration and cutting positions on rooting response of cuttings Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation 90(3): 84-92.
Paparozzi, E. (2008). Anatomical and physiological changes that occur during rooting of cuttings. In: Plant Propagation Concepts and Laboratory Exercises. Edited by Beyl, C. A. and Trigiano, R. N., Boca Raton, New York: 189-194.
Swarts, A., Matsiliza-Mlathi, B. and Kleynhan, S. (2018). Rooting and survival of Lobostemon fruticosus (L) H. Buek stem cuttings as affected by season, media and cutting position. South African Journal of Botany 119: 80-85.
Tate, H. T. and Page, T. (2018). Cutting propagation of Santalum austrocaledonicum: the effect of genotype, cutting source, cutting size, propagation medium, IBA and irradiance. New Forest 49 (4): 551- 570.
Tchoundjeu, Z. and Leakey, R. R. B. (2001). Vegetative propagation of Lovoa trichilioides: effects of provenance, substrate, auxins and leaf area. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 13 (1): 116- 129.
Tchoundjeu, Z., Kengue, J. and Leakey, R. R. B. (2002). Domestication of Dacryodes edulis: State-of-the-art. Forest Trees and Livelihoods 12: 3-13
Tchoundjeu, Z., Ngo Mpeck, M. L., Asaah, E., and Amougou, A. (2004). The role of vegetative propagation in the domestication of Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum), a highly threatened medicinal species of west and central Africa. Forest Ecology and Management 188:175-183.
Tchoundjeu, Z. E., Asaah, P. O., Anegbe, A., Degrand, P., Mbile, C., Facheux, A., Tsobeng, A. R., Atangana, A. R. and Ngo-Mpeck, M. L. (2006). Putting participatory domestication into practice in West and Central Africa. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 16:53-70.
Wendling, I., Trueman, S. J. and Xavier, A. (2014). Maturation and related aspects in clonal forestry- Part I: concepts, regulation and consequences of phase change. New Forest 45: 449–471.
Yakubu, F. B., Adejoh, O. P., Ogunade, J. O. and Igboanugo, A. B. I. (2014). Vegetative propagation of Garcinia kola Heckel. World Journal of Agricultural Science 10: 85-90.
Yakubu, F. B., Alaje, V. I. and Nola, M. O. (2020). Rooting capacity of Ritchea longipedicellata Gilg (Capparidaceae) cuttings as influenced by rooting media. Proceedings of 41th Annual Conference of Forestry Association of Nigeria. Pp. 111-151.
Yeboah, J., Lowor, S. T. and Amoah, F. M. (2009). The rooting performance of Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn) cuttings leached in water and application of rooting different media. Journal of Plant Sciences 4(1):10-14.
Yeboah, J., Lowor, S. T., Amoah, F. M. and Owusu-Ansah, F. (2011). Propagating structures and factors that affect the rooting performance of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn) stem cuttings. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2(2): 258-269.
