Enhancing Intermediate System Network Routing Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks through Swarm Intelligence Algorithms Techniques

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of nodes equipped with limited energy resources. These micro
sensors collect and relay data to a central node, but they often encounter challenges related to energy efficiency.
This study examines WSNs' architecture, uses, and energy issues, and introduces Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) and Firefly Optimization (FFO) to refine routing protocols. The focus is on enhancing the Intermediate
System Routing Protocol (ISRP) by addressing energy use, transmission delays, and packet delivery. The
method includes node placement, coverage, link stability, and optimization via PSO/FFO. Performance is
assessed through metrics such as energy consumption, delay, packet delivery ratio, and network lifetime
Performance is assessed through energy consumption, delay, packet delivery ratio, and network lifetime. These
research shows that optimizing ISRP with PSO and FFO leads to significant improvements: energy use
decreases from 0.235J to 0.14J, delay reduces by 0.5974s, packet delivery rises from 87% to 96%, and network
lifespan extends from 370s to 576s. This work enhances WSN efficiency and longevity, offering insights for
future studies.