Sustainable Urban Growth: Assessing the Role of Environmental Management Policies in Ibadan, Nigeria

Abstract

Rapid urbanisation remains one of the defining features of developing economies, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where cities are expanding at unprecedented rates. Nigeria exemplifies this trend, with its urban population growing by an estimated 4.3% annually. Ibadan, one of Nigeria’s oldest and largest cities, has experienced significant spatial and demographic transformation, shifting from predominantly agrarian settlements to a rapidly expanding urban centre. However, this urban growth has largely been unplanned and poorly managed, resulting in severe environmental challenges, including flooding, improper waste disposal, deforestation, and unregulated land use. This study, therefore, examined the impact of environmental management policies on sustainable urban development in Ibadan, Nigeria, with a specific focus on the effectiveness of existing policies, governance mechanisms influencing policy implementation, and the challenges and opportunities affecting policy integration into urban planning. Anchored on the Sustainable Development Theory, the study adopted a qualitative research design utilizing semi-structured interviews and document review as primary and secondary data sources. Data were analysed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s (2021) six-phase framework, drawing insights from policymakers, urban planners, environmental officers, community leaders, and representatives of non-governmental organisations. Findings revealed that although Ibadan possesses a relatively comprehensive framework of environmental management policies, such as the Oyo State Environmental Policy and the Ibadan Urban Flood Management Project (IUFMP), their implementation remains weak due to inadequate funding, limited technical capacity, poor inter-agency coordination, and weak enforcement mechanisms (Aliyu & Adeyinka, 2024; Lawal et al., 2025). Institutional fragmentation and political interference further undermine policy continuity, while insufficient community engagement and accountability structures reduce compliance and legitimacy. Despite these challenges, the study identified opportunities for progress, including donor-funded partnerships, adoption of geospatial technologies, promotion of green infrastructure, and growing national-level policy reforms that could enhance local sustainability outcomes. The study concludes that Ibadan’s urban environmental governance reflects a paradox of strong policy intent but weak implementation. Sustainable urban growth can only be achieved when environmental management policies are effectively integrated into urban planning processes through coherent governance, stable institutional frameworks, adequate funding, and participatory inclusiveness. It recommends strengthening institutional capacity, establishing a central environmental coordination mechanism to harmonize agency roles, institutionalizing GIS and environmental assessment tools in planning, and enhancing citizen participation to ensure resilient, inclusive, and sustainable urban development.